![]() ![]() The sucrose sensitivity and olfactory learning ability of individuals were then compared along a spectrum of foraging preference (between pollen and sucrose foraging) using the proboscis extension reflex paradigm. This study investigated the responses of Bombus terrestris individuals to resource demand by subjecting colonies to different pollen and sucrose storage scenarios, considering their individual foraging preferences and activity levels. Bumble bee workers have been shown to display differences in foraging preferences for these essential resources and in activity level. Bumble bee colonies need to respond to resource demands for both pollen and nectar for colony growth and reproduction. Group responses to resource or task demand emerge from the specific actions of individuals within the group. Groups of cooperative organisms, including humans, benefit from the contributions of both specialist and generalist individuals. Overall, we show that bumble bees are suitable experimental subjects for experiments on visual learning under VR conditions, which opens important perspectives for invasive studies on the neural and molecular bases of such learning given the robustness of these insects and the accessibility of their brain. Body size and weight, though variable across individuals, did not affect cognitive performances and had a mild impact on motor performances. Performance in a short-term retention test showed that bumble bees chose and fixated longer the correct stimulus in the absence of reinforcement. In doing so, they reduced the latency to make a choice, increased the proportion of direct paths towards the virtual stimuli and walked faster towards them. Based on responses to appetitive and aversive reinforcements used for conditioning, we show that bumble bees had the proper appetitive motivation to engage in the VR experiments and that they learned efficiently elemental color discriminations. Here, we adopted a VR environment to investigate the visual learning in the buff-tailed bumble bee Bombus terrestris. Recent developments allowed establishing virtual-reality (VR) setups to study multiple aspects of visual learning in honey bees under controlled experimental conditions. ![]() In my view, the cognitive faculties of landscape memory uncovered by these experiments are best captured by the term cognitive map. The intrinsic components of the nodes, particularly their generalization process leads to binding structures, the edges. An intuitive model of the bee’s navigation memory is presented that assumes the picture memories form a network of geographically defined locations, nodes. I argue that bees expect landscape features that they have learned and that are retrieved during dance communication. Arguments are presented that support retrieval and use of landscape memory not only during navigation but also during waggle dance communication. The memory formed during exploration and foraging is thought to be composed of multiple elements, the aerial pictures that associate the multitude of sensory inputs with compass directions. ![]() The focus of the review lies on the properties of the landscape memory as accessible by data from radar tracking and analyses of waggle dance following. If puzzle games are your thing, you won't want to miss this one.Flying insects like the honeybee experience the world as a metric layout embedded in a compass, the time-compensated sun compass. * Support leader board: Challenge & Share with your friends * Family puzzle games,: Enjoy the game with you family. * Global travel : Prairie、Desert、Gobi、Arctic What are you waiting for? Use your intelligence to assemble the railway tracks, Prove yourself as the best train plumber.ġ、Assemble the railway tracks to let the trains pass and reach the destination safely.Ģ、Avoid train collision and train derail.ģ、Assembling a circular railway to ensure the safety of the trainĥ、Move the Train faster when you are sure you have laid the Tracks right.Ħ、Reach to the destination as soon as possible to get more stars! Have a lot of fun with this new and unique Subway puzzle game. You can develop your logical skills with each new level and try to assemble the railway while the train is moving already! Solve 60+ of challenging and unique Subway puzzles, build railroads. As a train plumber, Your goal is to pave the way from the train to the exit and get as many stars as possible. Train Maze is an amazing Subway puzzle game, it is a wonderful visual experience and strategic puzzle game for all age. ![]()
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