Other work on remediating CMD and producing raw materials (salt crystals) estimated $100–200/tNaCl (Micari et al., 2020). Passive treatments tend to require less resources and have fewer environmental impacts than active treatments (Hengen et al., 2014), and can cost $31–$408/ton of acid/year (Ziemkiewicz et al., 2001). The CMD waters can be remediated with active treatment systems, which typically use alkaline chemicals, or passive treatment systems, which often employ bacterial activity or geochemical methods (Johnson and Hallberg, 2005 Kefeni et al., 2017 Skousen et al., 2017, 2018). waterways (Skousen et al., 2000), and is a problematic legacy of mining (Office of Solid Waste, 1994). After mining has ceased (Ayora et al., 2016 Ziemkiewicz et al., 2016), pumps are removed, and water levels rise (Wu et al., 2010), a series of oxidation reactions occurs between the water, air, and exposed rock, and results in heavy metals and other elements in the rock leaching into the water. Yet mining REEs is energy and resource intense, and can have substantial environmental impacts (Koltun and Tharumarajah, 2014 Navarro and Zhao, 2014).Ĭoal mine drainage (CMD) can be another source of REEs with a pH typically between 2 and 8, CMD contains large concentrations of metals (e.g., iron, lead) with REE concentrations of 568 ng/L to 2,580 μg/L or 4,000–80,000 pmol/L (Verplanck et al., 2001 Cravotta, 2008 Ayora et al., 2016 Soyol-Erdene et al., 2018). China supplied ∼80% of the United States’ demand for REEs between 20 (USGS, 2020) with increasing demand and reliance on imports from a few countries, there is greater importance on securing domestic sources of REEs (U.S. In 2019, ∼210,000 tons of REE-oxide (REO) equivalents were produced worldwide (USGS, 2020). Rare earth elements (REEs) are crucial for many technologies, including computers, smartphones, and batteries. These differences are largely attributable to the larger neutralizing capacity of WTP sludge in the treatment application. $89,800/year or $278/gT-REE) and have improved environmental performance across all indicators from two different impact assessment methods. Passive treatment systems that use WTP sludge are cheaper than those that use sFGD material ($89,300/year or $86/gT-REE vs. The TEP process uses the alkalinity and filtering capacity of stabilized flue gas desulfurization (sFGD) material or water treatment plant (WTP) sludge to remediate CMD waters and extract REEs. This work summarizes laboratory-scale experimental results of a trap-extract-precipitate (TEP) process and uses the mass and energy balances to estimate the economic costs and environmental impacts of the TEP. REEs are essential for modern technologies, yet economically viable natural deposits are geospatially limited, thus engendering geopolitical concerns, and their mining is energy intense and environmentally destructive. waterways each year, in part with the leaching of low concentrations of rare earth elements (REEs). Include a link to your website on your business cards, in your email signature and on your bookmarks.Coal mine drainage (CMD) impairs tens of thousands of kilometers of U.S. Websites can attract avid readers, schools and organizations and book clubs who may purchase your bookmarks in bulk. Work with a web designer to create a website for your bookmark business, or upload your bookmarks to a site such as eBay or Etsy for online sales. Connect with local book clubs, schools, after-school programs and day care centers to see if they would like customized book marks for their organizations, or purchase your bookmarks at wholesale prices to resell. Sell your bookmarks in person at local community events, such as book fairs or book readings, arts and crafts fairs and school bazaars. Apply for a reseller's license, if required. Visit the taxation office in your area and register your business as a legal entity. Price them individually and as bulk orders.Ĭome up with a name for your brand of bookmarks. Price your bookmarks based on the types of materials you use to create them, how long you spend creating designs and whether or not you're creating a custom bookmark design for a group or organization. You'll also need a computer and a printer. Supplies may include fabrics in different colors, colored poster board, ribbon, beads, glitter, old magazines, ruler, feathers, glue, hot glue gun, craft sticks, scissors, markers and colored pencils. Purchase the supplies you need to make your bookmarks at your local arts and crafts store.
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